NABP NAPLEX Practice Test Questions Answers

1mEq NaCl= 58.5; Valence = 1. mg = mEq × molecular weight / valence. mg = 51.3mEq × 58.5mg / 1 = 3001.05mg = 3g. 23.4 g/100ml = 3g/Xml X = 12.825mL

LN should be on docusate sodium/Senna for constipation and ondansetron for N/V. Dexamethasone has an off label use for N/V that is chemotherapy-associated. It is mostly used as an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant agent. Hydromorphone does not cause hyperglycemia. The most common side effects of opioids are nausea, vomiting and constipation.

Sulfonylureas work in beta cells in the pancreas that are still functioning to enhance insulin secretion. Alpha- Glucosidase Inhibitors stop α-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine and delay digestion and absorption of starch and disaccharides which lowers the levels of glucose after meals. DPP4 blocks the degradation ofGLP-1, GIP, and a variety of other peptides, including brain natriuretic peptide. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists work in various organs of the body. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists enhance glucose homeostasis through: (i) stimulation of insulin secretion; (ii) inhibition of glucagon secretion; (iii) direct and indirect suppression of endogenous glucose production; (iv) suppression of appetite; (v) enhanced insulin sensitivity secondary to weight loss; (vi) delayed gastric emptying, resulting in decreased postprandial hyperglycaemia.Thiazolidinediones are the only true insulin-sensitising agents, exerting their effects in skeletaland cardiac muscle, liver,and adipose tissue. It ameliorates insulin resistance, decreases visceral fat.Biguanides work in liver, muscle, adipose tissue via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) reduce hepatic glucose production. SGLT2 inhibitors work in the kidneys to inhibit sodium-glucose transport

proteins to reabsorb glucose into the blood from muscle cells; overall this helps to improve insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas.

This patient shows symptoms of acute sinusitis. The most common etiology of which is viruses. Indications that an infection is viral as opposed to bacterial included a shorter infection tie (less than 10 days) and no purulent discharge (hers is watery). She does not show any evidence of a complication developing and even notes that her symptoms are improving. If her symptoms were attributed to a bacterium, then the most common cause of acute sinusitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae followed by Haemophilus influenza, then Moraxella catarrhalis. Anaerobic species such as Bacteroides fragilis and Staphylococcus aureus are more commonly found in patients with chronic sinusitis (sinusitis lasting longer than 12 weeks). This is important to realize before indiscriminately providing antibiotics for these patients.

A type III hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by immune complex deposition. In lupus, auto-antibodies are formed and these complexes are deposited in other tissues, especially in the kidneys, skin, and joints. Graves disease and myasthenia gravis are examples of type II but in some classification systems they are called type V reactions. The auto-antibodies created in Graves attack TSH receptors in the thyroid, whereas in

Myasthenia the target is the acetylcholine receptor. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is usually considered an example of a combination of type II and IV reactions, as T cells are directed at thyroid antigens and antibodies are also produced. Allergic rhinitis is a classic example of a type I, IgE mediated reaction.