312-38 ECCouncil Certified Network Defender (CND) Free Practice Exam Questions (2025 Updated)

A CCTV camera that can be accessed on a smartphone from a remote location typically uses the Device-to-Cloud communication model. This model involves devices that connect directly to the cloud where data is stored and processed. Users can access this data through an application on their smartphones, allowing for remote monitoring and control. This setup is common for IP cameras that transmit data over the internet, enabling users to view live footage or recordings from anywhere with an internet connection123.

References: The Device-to-Cloud communication model is widely recognized in the context of remote access to surveillance systems, as it provides the necessary infrastructure for transmitting and storing data from CCTV cameras to a cloud platform, which users can then access via smartphones or other devices123.

 In MacOS, security-related logs are typically stored in the /private/var/log directory. This location is used to store various system logs, including authentication attempts and other security events. The secure.log file within this directory is particularly relevant for tracking security incidents, as it records authentication attempts and other security-related events. It’s important for network defenders like Rosa to be familiar with these log locations to monitor and respond to potential security issues on the systems they manage12.

References: The information provided here is consistent with standard MacOS logging practices and the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum, which includes understanding the security mechanisms of different operating systems and how to locate and interpret system logs12. For more detailed information, please refer to the official CND study materials and documents provided by the EC-Council.

The correct order of steps to analyze the attack surface begins with identifying the indicators of exposure. This step involves recognizing the elements within the system that could potentially be exploited by threats. Following this, the attack surface is visualized to understand the scope and scale of potential attack vectors. Next, a simulation of the attack is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the current security measures and identify any vulnerabilities. Finally, the attack surface is reduced by implementing measures to mitigate the identified risks and vulnerabilities, thereby enhancing the overall security posture.

References: This sequence ensures a structured approach to security analysis and is in line with best practices for attack surface analysis as outlined in various cybersecurity frameworks and guidelines1.

James should use the Wireshark filter icmp.type==8 or icmp.type==0 to detect a PING sweep attack. This filter will capture both ICMP echo requests and echo replies, which are used in PING sweeps to discover active hosts on a network. When conducting a PING sweep, an attacker sends ICMP echo requests (type 8) to multiple hosts and listens for echo replies (type 0). By monitoring for both types, James can effectively identify a PING sweep attack.

References: The use of this filter for detecting PING sweeps is documented in various network security resources, including the InfosecMatter guide on detecting network attacks with Wireshark1, which specifically lists icmp.type==8 or icmp.type==0 as the filter for ICMP ping sweeps. This approach is consistent with standard practices for network monitoring and intrusion detection.

 RAID level 0, also known as striping, provides very good data performance because it spreads data across multiple disks, which can significantly increase speed for read and write operations. However, it does not offer fault tolerance or data redundancy. If any single disk fails in a RAID 0 setup, all data in the array is lost, making it unsuitable for mission-critical systems.

References: The EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) course materials discuss RAID levels and their characteristics. RAID level 0 is specifically mentioned for its high performance but lack of fault tolerance and redundancy123.

The mobile-use approach that allows an organization’s employees to use devices they are comfortable with and that best fit their preferences and work purposes is Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). This approach offers the most flexibility for employees, as they can bring and use their personal devices for work-related activities. It is a popular choice for companies that wish to provide a flexible work environment and cater to the diverse preferences of their employees123.

References: The concept of BYOD and its implications on workplace flexibility and employee preferences are well-documented in enterprise mobility management literature and align with the Certified Network Defender (CND) course’s objectives regarding understanding and managing mobile device security within an organization123.

 Network Interface Cards (NICs) operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for the actual physical connection between devices. It transmits individual bits from one node to the next and is involved in the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional aspects of activating, maintaining, and deactivating physical connections. It’s also where hardware like cables, switches, and NICs come into play.

References: The information provided aligns with the OSI model’s definition and the role of the Physical layer as described in networking literature and resources such as GeeksforGeeks and freeCodeCamp articles on the OSI model12.

The development of an internet and usage policy by Bankofamerica Enterprise to control internet demand falls under the category of Issue Specific Security Policy (ISSP). ISSPs are tailored to address specific areas of technology, requiring frequent updates due to changes in the technology or the environment. They provide guidelines on the acceptable use of the company’s internet services, outline the consequences of policy violations, and ensure that the internet resources are not misused.

References: The classification of this policy as an ISSP is consistent with the practices outlined in the ECCouncil’s Network Defender (CND) course, which emphasizes the importance of having dedicated policies for specific issues that arise within network security1.

 In the context of IoT communication models, the Device-to-Device (D2D) model refers to the direct interaction between devices without the need for intermediary devices or services. This model is characterized by the use of protocols such as ZigBee, Z-Wave, or Bluetooth, which are designed to facilitate direct communication between devices in close proximity. These protocols are commonly used in home automation, where devices like sensors, lights, and locks need to communicate with each other to perform their functions effectively.

References: The information provided is based on my training data up to September 2021, which includes knowledge of various IoT communication protocols and their applications. For the most current and detailed information, please refer to the latest Certified Network Defender (CND) documents and study guides from the EC-Council or other authoritative sources on IoT communication models.

 The correct order in the risk management phase starts with Risk Identification, where potential business risks are determined. This is followed by Risk Assessment, which involves analyzing and prioritizing the identified risks. Next is Risk Treatment, where plans are made to mitigate the risks. Finally, Risk Monitoring & Review is conducted to oversee the risk management process and make necessary adjustments. This sequence ensures a structured and effective approach to managing risks within an organization. References: The sequence aligns with the widely recognized ISO 31000 risk management standard, which outlines these core steps in managing risks123.

 Single Sign-on (SSO) is an authentication process that allows a user to access multiple applications with one set of login credentials, thereby reducing the need for multiple passwords. This not only simplifies the user experience but also reduces the load on the centralized server by decreasing the network traffic caused by repeated authentication requests. SSO is particularly beneficial in an environment like HexCom’s, where employees need to access various servers and systems, as it streamlines the login process and improves security by minimizing the chances of password fatigue and the resultant poor password practices.

References: The explanation aligns with the principles of network security and access management, which are core components of the Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum. The benefits of SSO in reducing network traffic and improving user experience are well-documented in network security literature12.

The apt-get command is a powerful and free package management utility for Debian-based Linux distributions. It is used for handling packages and is utilized to install, update, and remove software on Debian systems. The apt-get command is the recommended tool for doing upgrades from one Debian GNU/Linux release to another, as it effectively manages dependencies and ensures that all necessary changes are made during an upgrade.

References: The Debian Wiki recommends using apt-get for upgrading Debian distributions1. It is a well-documented and widely recognized tool within the Debian community and is included in the official Debian documentation as the preferred method for system updates and upgrades.

A packet filtering firewall operates at the network layer of the TCP/IP model. It analyzes the headers of IP packets, which include source and destination IP addresses, protocol information, and port numbers, to determine whether to allow or block the packets based on predefined rules and access control lists (ACLs). This type of firewall does not perform deep packet inspection but rather checks the packet headers against the ACLs to make decisions1234.

References: The explanation aligns with the core functions of packet filtering firewalls as described in various sources, including the Enterprise Networking Planet and NordLayer articles, which detail how these firewalls interact with the IP layer to filter traffic12. GeeksforGeeks also confirms that packet filtering firewalls work at the network layer of the OSI model, which corresponds to the IP layer in the TCP/IP model4.

Human intelligence (HUMINT) in the context of network defense involves the collection of information from human sources. This can include extracting insights from security blogs, forums, and other platforms where cybersecurity professionals and enthusiasts discuss vulnerabilities, threats, and incidents. By monitoring these discussions, organizations can gain valuable information about emerging threats, techniques used by attackers, and potential security weaknesses that need to be addressed.

References: The role of human intelligence in gathering threat information is highlighted in cybersecurity literature. For example, CrowdStrike discusses the importance of HUMINT in cybersecurity, noting that it involves engaging with threat actors on various platforms to gather information about their activities1. Additionally, the IEEE paper on “Gathering threat intelligence through computer network deception” emphasizes the significance of proactive threat intelligence development by network defenders2.

The correct hierarchy for implementing a security policy starts with the Laws, which are the highest level of legal requirements that an organization must follow. Next are the Regulations, which are specific rules that are derived from laws and apply to certain sectors or types of data. Following regulations, we have Policies, which are high-level statements of management intent and direction for security within the organization. Standards come next; they are specific mandatory controls, rules, and configurations that implement the policies. Finally, Procedures are detailed step-by-step instructions that ensure consistent and repeatable compliance with the standards.

References: This hierarchy is supported by various sources, including industry best practices and guidelines on information security policy implementation. The hierarchy aligns with the principles outlined in resources such as the LinkedIn article on Information Security Policy Hierarchy1 and the Gartner community post which states "Policy sets goals, Standards define rules. Controls implement standards, procedures detail steps. Secure baseline config ensures compliance."2.

In the context of event log management, the wrapping method refers to a technique where event logs are arranged in the form of a circular buffer. This means that when the allocated space for the logs is filled, new events start to overwrite the oldest events. This method ensures that the most recent events are always available, but older events are eventually overwritten as new ones come in. It is particularly useful for systems that generate a large number of events and have limited storage capacity for logs.

References: The wrapping method is a standard approach in various logging systems and is often used in scenarios where maintaining the most recent logs is more critical than preserving all historical logs indefinitely12.

Unstructured threats typically originate from individuals who lack advanced skills or a sophisticated understanding of network systems. These threats often involve simple methods to disrupt network operations, such as basic malware attacks or exploiting known vulnerabilities that have not been patched. In the context of the Certified Network Defender (CND) program, unstructured threats are recognized as those that can be caused by unskilled individuals who may inadvertently introduce risks to the network through misconfigurations or inadequate security practices.

References: The Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum addresses various types of threats, including unstructured threats, and emphasizes the importance of securing networks against all levels of skill and sophistication among potential attackers12. It also covers the need for continuous monitoring and the implementation of security best practices to mitigate the risks posed by both unstructured and structured threats34.

A circuit-level gateway is a type of firewall technology that can be implemented across all layers of the OSI model, including the application, session, transport, network, and presentation layers. This type of firewall monitors TCP handshaking and session fulfillment between packets to ensure that the session is legitimate. Circuit-level gateways are effective because they do not inspect the packet itself, but rather the transmission attributes to ensure a trusted session is established.

References: This information is based on the firewall technologies’ capabilities as they relate to the OSI model layers, which is a part of the Certified Network Defender (CND) course material provided by EC-Council1.

The AllSigned execution policy in PowerShell requires that all scripts and configuration files be signed by a trusted publisher, including scripts that you write on the local computer. This setting is used when you want to ensure that only scripts that have been examined and signed by a trusted authority are run on your systems, which helps protect against the execution of unauthorized or malicious scripts. When using the AllSigned execution policy, PowerShell will prompt the user to confirm that they trust the signer before running any script.

References: This information aligns with the PowerShell documentation and best practices for script execution policies, which recommend the AllSigned policy for environments that require a high level of security12.