312-50v13 ECCouncil Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13) Free Practice Exam Questions (2025 Updated)

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard organization convention utilized for the exchange of PC records from a worker to a customer on a PC organization. FTP is based on a customer worker model engineering utilizing separate control and information associations between the customer and the server.[1] FTP clients may validate themselves with an unmistakable book sign-in convention, ordinarily as a username and secret key, however can interface namelessly if the worker is designed to permit it. For secure transmission that ensures the username and secret phrase, and scrambles the substance, FTP is frequently made sure about with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or supplanted with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).

The primary FTP customer applications were order line programs created prior to working frameworks had graphical UIs, are as yet dispatched with most Windows, Unix, and Linux working systems.[2][3] Many FTP customers and mechanization utilities have since been created for working areas, workers, cell phones, and equipment, and FTP has been fused into profitability applications, for example, HTML editors.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

The Snort rule syntax:

alert tcp any any → 192.168.1.0/24 111

This means: Alert on TCP traffic from any IP and any port, going to any host in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet on destination port 111.

The content "|00 01 86 a5|" identifies a mountd access signature pattern.

Port 111 is used by SunRPC (commonly associated with mountd in UNIX environments).

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 13: IDS, Firewalls and Honeypots → Understanding Snort Rules

In CEH v13 Module 01: Information Security Controls, the Remote Access Policy is defined as the guideline that governs:

Which remote access methods (VPNs, modems, RDP, etc.) are permitted.

Requirements for authentication and encryption.

Who is authorized to use them and under what conditions.

In This Case:

The use of a dial-out modem is considered a remote access method, especially if it bypasses the corporate firewall.

The analyst needs to check whether such remote access is permitted, and under what security controls.

Patch management is that the method that helps acquire, test and install multiple patches (code changes) on existing applications and software tools on a pc, enabling systems to remain updated on existing patches and determining that patches are the suitable ones. Managing patches so becomes simple and simple.

Patch Management is usually done by software system firms as a part of their internal efforts to mend problems with the various versions of software system programs and also to assist analyze existing software system programs and discover any potential lack of security features or different upgrades.

Software patches help fix those problems that exist and are detected solely once the software’s initial unharness. Patches mostly concern security while there are some patches that concern the particular practicality of programs as well.

SQL injection testing commonly involves using tautology-based payloads such as 1 OR 1=1, which force SQL queries to evaluate as true. CEH explains that this confirms improper input sanitization and exposes whether user-supplied fields directly influence database queries. The result often returns all records, indicating successful injection.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork

As we can see, we have an IP address of 10.1.4.0 with a subnet mask of /23. According to the question, we need to determine which IP address will be included in the range of the last 100 IP addresses.

The available addresses for hosts start with 10.1.4.1 and end with 10.1.5.254. Now you can clearly see that the last 100 addresses include the address 10.1.5.200.

A brute-force attack is the most exhaustive password-cracking method. It tries every possible combination of characters (letters, numbers, and symbols) until the correct password is found.

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 6: Password Cracking Techniques

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“Brute-force attacks try every possible combination until the correct password is discovered. It’s resource-intensive but guarantees success if enough time and processing power is available.”

Incorrect Options:

B: Refers to social engineering or coercion.

C: Describes a dictionary attack.

D: Refers to a rainbow table attack.

E: Not a cracking method.

IoT devices that transmit data without encryption expose all communication to interception. CEH explains that attackers can position themselves between the IoT device and cloud service to manipulate or capture traffic. A MitM attack enables interception of commands, credentials, and firmware data due to the absence of TLS protections.

HTTP cookies may store authentication tokens, allowing users to remain logged in. If a browser retains cookies after closing, an attacker with access to the device could hijack active sessions.

Automatically deleting cookies upon termination reduces the window of opportunity for session hijacking.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Study Guide:

Module 11: Hacking Web Applications

Topic: Session Management

Quote:

“Session hijacking exploits persistent cookies or session IDs stored in browsers. Enforcing cookie deletion helps prevent this attack.”

Incorrect Options:

A. SQL databases are unrelated to browser cookies.

C. Browser cookies don’t store OS-level passwords.

D. This may be a secondary concern, but not the primary mitigation.

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The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a suite of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided by DNS for use on IP networks. DNSSEC is a set of extensions to DNS provide to DNS clients (resolvers) origin authentication of DNS data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity, but not availability or confidentiality. DNSSEC is necessary because the original DNS design did not include security but was designed to be a scalable distributed system. DNSSEC adds security while maintaining backward compatibility.

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Windows TTL 128, Linux TTL 64, OpenBSD 255 ... https://subinsb.com/default-device-ttl-values/

Time to Live (TTL) represents to number of 'hops' a packet can take before it is considered invalid. For Windows/Windows Phone, this value is 128. This value is 64 for Linux/Android.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) uses a hierarchical data structure similar to a directory tree. SQL databases use a relational structure with tables, rows, and columns.

Because of its hierarchical nature:

LDAP is excellent for parent-child relationships.

It struggles with representing many-to-many or many-to-one relationships efficiently.

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 4: Enumeration → LDAP Basics

Risk assessment is a key process in security management that identifies, evaluates, and prioritizes risks to organizational operations and assets. It considers various controls and safeguards to mitigate those risks.

Administrative safeguards are part of the components used in risk assessments and include:

Policies

Procedures

Training

Security awareness programs

Incident response planning

From CEH v13:

Module 1: Introduction to Ethical Hacking

Module 20: Cryptography (as it discusses risk management and governance)

Topic: Security Controls and Risk Management Frameworks

CEH v13 Official Courseware states:

“Administrative controls, also known as administrative safeguards, form a critical component of risk assessments. These include documented security policies, user training, security audits, and incident response plans that help an organization manage and reduce risks.”

Incorrect Options:

B. Physical security is a type of safeguard but not typically referred to as a "component" of a risk assessment itself.

C. DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a network architecture concept, not a risk assessment component.

D. Logical interface refers to system architecture and network segmentation—not risk assessment methodology.

Hashing is a one-way function—by design, it cannot be reversed. Password-cracking tools do not "reverse" the hash. Instead, they:

Generate a list of potential passwords.

Hash each candidate using the same algorithm.

Compare the result to the target hash.

If a match is found, the original password is revealed by correlation, not reversal.

From CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 6: Cryptography and Password Cracking

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“Hash functions are one-way and irreversible. Password-cracking tools work by hashing wordlists or character combinations and comparing them to known password hashes.”

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Windows Messenger administration

Courier administration is an organization based framework notice Windows administration by Microsoft that was remembered for some prior forms of Microsoft Windows.

This resigned innovation, despite the fact that it has a comparable name, isn’t connected in any capacity to the later, Internet-based Microsoft Messenger administration for texting or to Windows Messenger and Windows Live Messenger (earlier named MSN Messenger) customer programming.

The Messenger Service was initially intended for use by framework managers to tell Windows clients about their networks.[1] It has been utilized malevolently to introduce spring up commercials to clients over the Internet (by utilizing mass-informing frameworks which sent an ideal message to a predetermined scope of IP addresses). Despite the fact that Windows XP incorporates a firewall, it isn’t empowered naturally. Along these lines, numerous clients got such messages. Because of this maltreatment, the Messenger Service has been debilitated as a matter of course in Windows XP Service Pack 2.

Rating CVSS Score

None 0.0

Low 0.1 - 3.9

Medium 4.0 - 6.9

High 7.0 - 8.9

Critical 9.0 - 10.0

https://www.first.org/cvss/v3.0/specification-document

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is an open framework for communicating the characteristics and severity of software vulnerabilities. CVSS consists of three metric groups: Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metrics produce a score ranging from 0 to 10, which can then be modified by scoring the Temporal and Environmental metrics. A CVSS score is also represented as a vector string, a compressed textual representation of the values used to derive the score. Thus, CVSS is well suited as a standard measurement system for industries, organizations, and governments that need accurate and consistent vulnerability severity scores. Two common uses of CVSS are calculating the severity of vulnerabilities discovered on one's systems and as a factor in prioritization of vulnerability remediation activities. The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) provides CVSS scores for almost all known vulnerabilities.

Qualitative Severity Rating Scale

For some purposes, it is useful to have a textual representation of the numeric Base, Temporal and Environmental scores.

https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/csrf

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which they’re currently authenticated. With a little help of social engineering (such as sending a link via email or chat), an attacker may trick the users of a web application into executing actions of the attacker’s choosing. If the victim is a normal user, a successful CSRF attack can force the user to perform state changing requests like transferring funds, changing their email address, and so forth. If the victim is an administrative account, CSRF can compromise the entire web application.

CSRF is an attack that tricks the victim into submitting a malicious request. It inherits the identity and privileges of the victim to perform an undesired function on the victim’s behalf. For most sites, browser requests automatically include any credentials associated with the site, such as the user’s session cookie, IP address, Windows domain credentials, and so forth. Therefore, if the user is currently authenticated to the site, the site will have no way to distinguish between the forged request sent by the victim and a legitimate request sent by the victim.

CSRF attacks target functionality that causes a state change on the server, such as changing the victim’s email address or password, or purchasing something. Forcing the victim to retrieve data doesn’t benefit an attacker because the attacker doesn’t receive the response, the victim does. As such, CSRF attacks target state-changing requests.

It’s sometimes possible to store the CSRF attack on the vulnerable site itself. Such vulnerabilities are called “stored CSRF flaws”. This can be accomplished by simply storing an IMG or IFRAME tag in a field that accepts HTML, or by a more complex cross-site scripting attack. If the attack can store a CSRF attack in the site, the severity of the attack is amplified. In particular, the likelihood is increased because the victim is more likely to view the page containing the attack than some random page on the Internet. The likelihood is also increased because the victim is sure to be authenticated to the site already.

The main purpose of a rootkit is to hide malicious activity by modifying or replacing legitimate system binaries (e.g., ls, ps, netstat) so they no longer show the presence of malicious files, users, or processes. This enables attackers to maintain persistent and stealthy access.

From CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 6: Malware Threats → Rootkits

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“Rootkits are stealthy programs designed to conceal the existence of other malicious processes or programs by replacing legitimate operating system utilities and binaries. This makes detection and removal extremely difficult.”

Incorrect Options:

A: This is a backdoor’s behavior.

B: A buffer overflow is a method of exploitation, not the rootkit’s purpose.

D: Refers to a backdoor or vulnerability, not a rootkit’s core function.

CEH cloud modules explain that side-channel attacks exploit indirect information leakage based on hardware characteristics—such as CPU timing, power usage, cache access patterns, or electromagnetic emissions. In virtualized cloud environments, multiple tenants share the same physical hardware, creating opportunities for attackers to extract sensitive data from neighboring virtual machines. By placing a malicious VM on the same host as the victim, an attacker can measure minute differences in timing during cryptographic operations, allowing them to infer private keys or sensitive computations. This aligns precisely with CEH’s definition of a side-channel attack. Cryptojacking involves unauthorized cryptocurrency mining, CPDoS targets caching layers rather than key extraction, and metadata spoofing manipulates cloud metadata endpoints. Only side-channel analysis matches the described attack behavior.

A powerful and often the most effective cryptanalysis method in which the attack is directed at the most vulnerable link in the cryptosystem - the person. In this attack, the cryptanalyst uses blackmail, threats, torture, extortion, bribery, etc. This method's main advantage is the decryption time's fundamental independence from the volume of secret information, the length of the key, and the cipher's mathematical strength.

The method can reduce the time to guess a password, for example, for AES, to an acceptable level; however, it requires special authorization from the relevant regulatory authorities. Therefore, it is outside the scope of this course and is not considered in its practical part.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could be a law the U.S. Congress passed on July thirty of that year to assist defend investors from fallacious money coverage by companies.Also called the SOX Act of 2002 and also the company Responsibility Act of 2002, it mandated strict reforms to existing securities rules and obligatory powerful new penalties on law breakers.

The Sarbanes-Oxley law Act of 2002 came in response to money scandals within the early 2000s involving in public listed corporations like Enron Corporation, Tyco International plc, and WorldCom. The high-profile frauds cask capitalist confidence within the trustiness of company money statements Associate in Nursingd light-emitting diode several to demand an overhaul of decades-old restrictive standards.

Passive reconnaissance is emphasized throughout CEH as an essential method for gathering intelligence without alerting monitoring systems. When the tester cannot interact with the live site, they must rely entirely on third-party archives or cached content stored by search engines or internet archival services. Google’s cache function provides previously stored versions of web pages exactly for this purpose. CEH explains that attackers frequently use cached content to retrieve outdated login portals, administrative pages, exposed directories, or other sensitive elements that may no longer appear on the live web server. Unlike operators such as intext or intitle, which query live indexed metadata, the cache operator retrieves historical snapshots without accessing the target website. The link operator identifies backlinks but does not provide historical page content. Only the cache operator directly supports viewing previous versions of pages passively, aligning perfectly with the requirement to avoid detection while gathering intelligence on legacy web content.

The scenario describes a decentralized cryptographic trust model where each user maintains a ring or database of public keys, and communications are encrypted using the recipient’s public key. This aligns precisely with the Web of Trust (WOT) model.

According to the CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Web of Trust (WOT) is a decentralized trust model used primarily in PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) environments.

In WOT:

Each user maintains a local keyring of trusted public keys.

There is no central Certificate Authority (CA).

Trust is built based on mutual verification and endorsement of public keys among users.

It uses asymmetric cryptography: messages are encrypted using the receiver's public key and decrypted using the corresponding private key.

This model provides authentication (via digital signatures) and message integrity (via cryptographic hash functions).

Incorrect Options:

A. Zero Trust Network is a security architecture that enforces strict access control but is not a cryptographic trust model.

B. TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a protocol for securing data in transit, commonly used in HTTPS, and relies on the PKI trust model (not WOT).

C. SSL (Secure Socket Layer) is an outdated version of TLS, also based on centralized certificate authorities.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 20: Cryptography

Section: “Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Trust Models”

Subsection: “Web of Trust (WOT) Model”

Study Guide Table: Comparison of Trust Models – PKI vs WOT vs Hybrid

Lab references in CEH Engage may also cover key signing and verifying concepts in decentralized environments.

A pharming attacker tries to send a web site’s traffic to a faux website controlled by the offender, typically for the aim of collection sensitive data from victims or putting in malware on their machines. Attacker tend to specialize in making look-alike ecommerce and digital banking websites to reap credentials and payment card data.

Though they share similar goals, pharming uses a special technique from phishing. “Pharming attacker are targeted on manipulating a system, instead of tricking people into reaching to a dangerous web site,” explains David Emm, principal security man of science at Kaspersky. “When either a phishing or pharming attacker is completed by a criminal, they need a similar driving issue to induce victims onto a corrupt location, however the mechanisms during which this is often undertaken are completely different.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_twin_(wireless_networks)

An evil twin attack is a hack attack in which a hacker sets up a fake Wi-Fi network that looks like a legitimate access point to steal victims’ sensitive details. Most often, the victims of such attacks are ordinary people like you and me.

The attack can be performed as a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. The fake Wi-Fi access point is used to eavesdrop on users and steal their login credentials or other sensitive information. Because the hacker owns the equipment being used, the victim will have no idea that the hacker might be intercepting things like bank transactions.

An evil twin access point can also be used in a phishing scam. In this type of attack, victims will connect to the evil twin and will be lured to a phishing site. It will prompt them to enter their sensitive data, such as their login details. These, of course, will be sent straight to the hacker. Once the hacker gets them, they might simply disconnect the victim and show that the server is temporarily unavailable.

ADDITION: It may not seem obvious what happened. The problem is in the question statement. The attackers were not Alice and John, who were able to connect to the network without a password, but on the contrary, they were attacked and forced to connect to a fake network, and not to the real network belonging to Jane.

In CEH v13 Module 01: Introduction to Ethical Hacking, the types of law applicable to cybersecurity incidents are discussed. When executives fail to protect their company’s information systems and this leads to financial loss, data breaches, or negligence, the resulting liability is considered under civil law.

Civil law deals with non-criminal disputes such as negligence, liability, and contractual breaches.

A company or affected party may file a civil lawsuit for damages.

Executives can be held civilly liable for failing in their duty of care, especially when regulations like GDPR, SOX, or HIPAA are involved.

Key observations in the packet capture:

Repeated 0x90 values indicate a NOP sled (No Operation instructions), commonly used in buffer overflow payloads to guide execution to the malicious shellcode.

The presence of "/bin/sh" in ASCII indicates that the attacker intends to launch a shell (command-line access) on the victim’s system once the overflow is successful.

The payload likely contains shellcode that spawns a shell, giving the attacker command-line access.

From CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 6: Malware Threats

Module 9: Denial-of-Service

Module 5: Vulnerability Analysis

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“A buffer overflow exploit typically involves injecting a NOP sled followed by shellcode. The string '/bin/sh' is a tell-tale sign of shell-spawning code that aims to give the attacker command access.”

Incorrect Options:

A: There's no evidence the IDS blocked the attack—only that it logged it.

B: Creating a directory would not involve a NOP sled or spawn a shell.

C: We cannot confirm success; only the intent and method are clear.

“Clearing tracks” is a post-exploitation phase in the ethical hacking methodology in which the attacker removes or alters system evidence to hide their activities and avoid detection. This may include:

Deleting or modifying event logs

Clearing bash history or command history

Removing malware traces

Disabling auditing

From CEH v13:

Corrupting or erasing event logs ensures that system administrators or forensic investigators cannot trace the intrusion or determine how the system was compromised.

Incorrect Options:

A. Creating a backdoor is part of the "Maintaining Access" phase, not "Clearing Tracks."

B. Injecting a rootkit is part of the "Gaining or Maintaining Access" stage.

C. Exploiting a vulnerability is part of the "Gaining Access" phase.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 05: System Hacking

Section: “Clearing Logs and Erasing Evidence”

Subsection: “Track-Clearing Techniques”

Lab: Log Manipulation and Covering Tracks

WPA2-PSK networks authenticate users using a pre-shared key derived from a passphrase. After capturing the 4-way handshake, CEH teaches that the standard and most effective method to recover the key is to perform an offline dictionary attack, where wordlist entries are hashed and compared against the captured handshake values. Offline cracking avoids detection and is significantly faster than brute-force attempts.