CITM-001 GAQM Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) Free Practice Exam Questions (2025 Updated)

Important decisions may require more care in analyzing data because they have higher stakes, greater uncertainty, and more complexity. Data analysis can help managers to identify patterns, trends, correlations, and causal relationships that can inform their decision making. Data analysis can also help managers to evaluate alternatives, test hypotheses, and predict outcomes. However, data analysis is not a substitute for judgment, intuition, and creativity. Managers should also consider the quality, reliability, and validity of the data, as well as the ethical and social implications of their decisions. References: CITM Course Outline, Sample Exam - GAQM, TEST 1 2020, questions and answers - CITM 102 TEST BANKS … - Studocu

evelopment, testing, installation, and maintenance12 The installation stage is the sixth and final stage of the SDLC, where the system is deployed to the target environment and made available to the end users. This stage involves activities such as hardware and software installation, configuration, data migration, user training, and documentation. The installation stage ensures that the system is functional, secure, and meets the user expectations34 References: 1: Systems development life cycle - Wikipedia 2: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) - GeeksforGeeks 3: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) 4: System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

According to the CITM course outline1, there are five data collection techniques that are commonly used in business analytics. They are:

Observations: This technique involves watching and recording the behavior, actions, or events of interest. Observations can be either direct or indirect, structured or unstructured, participant or non-participant.

Interviews: This technique involves asking questions to individuals or groups of people who have relevant knowledge or experience on the topic. Interviews can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and standardization of the questions.

Surveys: This technique involves administering a set of questions to a sample of respondents who represent the population of interest. Surveys can be either quantitative or qualitative, depending on the type and scale of the questions.

Focus groups: This technique involves gathering a small group of people who share some common characteristics or opinions on the topic and facilitating a discussion among them. Focus groups can be used to explore attitudes, perceptions, feelings, or preferences of the participants.

Documents: This technique involves reviewing and analyzing existing documents or records that are relevant to the topic. Documents can be either primary or secondary, depending on the source and authenticity of the information.

References:

1: 7 Data Collection Methods and Techniques | SafetyCulture

2: CITM 500 Data and Information Management | The Chang School of Continuing Education - Toronto Metropolitan University

3: Data Collection Methods | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples - Scribbr

4: Data Collection - Methods Types and Examples - Research Method

Restrictions on Internet access and efforts to censor web sites may impede the development of a global information system by limiting the availability, diversity, and quality of information that can be accessed and shared across borders. Such restrictions may also hamper the innovation, collaboration, and communication that are essential for the advancement of technology, science, and society. According to the CITM study guide, a global information system is “a system that collects, processes, stores, and disseminates information that is relevant to the needs of users in different countries” (p. 26). The benefits of a global information system include “improved decision making, enhanced coordination, increased efficiency, reduced costs, and greater customer satisfaction” (p. 26). However, these benefits can be undermined by various forms of internet censorship, such as:

Manipulating search results to favor certain sources or viewpoints, or to hide or distort information that is unfavorable to the censoring authority.

Blocking access to specific sites or domains that contain information that is deemed illegal, immoral, or politically sensitive by the censoring authority.

Shutting off internet access altogether or imposing bandwidth limitations during times of crisis, protest, or conflict to prevent the dissemination of information that could challenge the status quo or mobilize opposition.

Requiring users to register or obtain licenses to access certain sites or services, or to use encryption or VPNs, which can deter or restrict internet usage and expose users to surveillance or prosecution.

Monitoring, filtering, or deleting online content or communications that are considered harmful, offensive, or subversive by the censoring authority, or imposing self-censorship through legal or social pressure.

These forms of internet censorship can have negative impacts on the development of a global information system, such as:

Reducing the amount and variety of information that is available to users in different countries, which can limit their knowledge, awareness, and understanding of global issues and perspectives.

Lowering the quality and reliability of information that is available to users in different countries, which can impair their ability to make informed and rational decisions, or to verify and challenge the information they receive.

Restricting the opportunities and platforms for users in different countries to exchange and share information, ideas, opinions, and feedback, which can hinder their collaboration, innovation, and creativity.

Violating the rights and freedoms of users in different countries to access and express information, which can undermine their participation, representation, and empowerment in the global society.

References:

CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Global Information Systems, pp. 25-32

Internet Censorship in 2024: The Impact of Internet Restrictions1

Internet Censorship 2024: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions2

Internet Censorship: Definition, Types, & How It Can Affect You3

How Countries Censor and Control the Internet4

Structured design and object-oriented design are two common approaches to design a system. Structured design is a method of breaking down a system into smaller and simpler modules, which can be independently created and tested. Structured design follows a top-down approach, where the system is divided into sub-systems, and then into modules, until the desired level of detail is reached. Structured design is suitable for systems that have well-defined inputs and outputs, and a clear hierarchy of functions. Object-oriented design is a method of modeling a system as a collection of objects, which have attributes and behaviors. Object-oriented design follows a bottom-up approach, where the system is built from reusable and interchangeable components, called classes. Object-oriented design is suitable for systems that have complex interactions, dynamic behavior, and multiple inheritance. Functional design and organizational design are not considered to design a system, but rather to describe the system’s purpose and structure. Functional design is a process of defining the functions and processes that the system performs, and how they relate to each other. Functional design focuses on the what and why of the system, rather than the how. Organizational design is a process of defining the roles and responsibilities of the people and units involved in the system, and how they communicate and coordinate with each other. Organizational design focuses on the who and where of the system, rather than the how. References: Structured Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Object-Oriented Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Functional Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, [Organizational Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics]

A macro virus is a virus that is written in a macro language, which is a programming language embedded inside a software application, such as word processors and spreadsheet applications. A macro virus can attach itself to a file or template and run automatically when the file is opened or closed, without the user’s knowledge. A macro virus can infect any system that supports macros, regardless of the operating system. A macro virus can spread quickly by infecting other documents and templates, and may cause damage to the computer and its applications123 References:

1: What is a Macro Virus? | Macro Virus Definition - Kaspersky

2: Macro virus - Wikipedia

3: What is a macro virus and how to help prevent them - Norton™

 An Integrated Global IT approach is a strategy that aims to align the IT functions and capabilities of a firm with its global business objectives and needs. One of the benefits of this approach is that it enables the firm to provide more consistent customer service internationally, by leveraging common platforms, standards, processes, and data across different regions and markets. This can enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention, as well as reduce costs and risks associated with IT fragmentation and duplication. References: Integrated Global IT approach customer service, Toward an integrated technology operating model, Managing Global Customers: An Integrated Approach, Five steps to an integrated customer experience

Reciprocal interdependence occurs when two organizations depend on each other in a cyclical manner, such that the output of one becomes the input of the other and vice versa. This type of interdependence is the most complex and difficult to manage, as it requires constant coordination and communication between the organizations. An example of reciprocal interdependence is the relationship between a software development company and a software testing company, where each one relies on the feedback and quality of the other’s work. References: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure, Interdependence in International Organization and Global Governance

Development cost is the type of cost that is considered as actual costs of analysis, design, and installation for the system. Development cost includes the expenses incurred during the planning, designing, building, testing, and deploying of a system. Development cost is usually estimated before the start of a project and is used to measure the feasibility and profitability of a system. Development cost is also used to monitor the progress and performance of a project and to control the scope and quality of a system. References: CITM Course Outline, Module 4, Corporate IT Strategy, page 9. CITM Training Course, Cost, page 14. CITM Certification Overview, Exam Information, Course Outline, Module 4.

 Distributed databases provide several advantages over centralized databases, including improved scalability, availability, performance, flexibility, fault tolerance, and security1. Here are some of the advantages of distributed databases:

Increased availability: Distributed databases can tolerate failures of individual nodes or sites without affecting the overall system functionality. Users can access data from other sites if their local site is down or unreachable. Data replication and backup mechanisms can also enhance data availability and recovery2.

Easier expansion: Distributed databases can be scaled horizontally by adding more nodes to the network. This allows for increased capacity and performance as data and user demand grow. Adding new sites or units to the distributed system does not require significant efforts or disruption in the existing functions2.

Improved performance: Distributed databases can offer faster response and lower communication costs by locating data near the users who normally use that data. Distributed query processing and transaction management can also optimize the use of network and computing resources. Furthermore, distributed databases can exploit the parallelism of multiple nodes to execute operations concurrently13.

References: What Is a Distributed Database? {Features, Benefits & Drawbacks}, Advantage and Disadvantage of Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) - Bench Partner, Advantages of Distributed database - GeeksforGeeks

RAM, or Random Access Memory, is the best fit for the statement because it is the main memory of the computer system and is volatile. RAM is a type of computer memory that is used to store data that is currently being used by the computer’s operating system and applications. RAM is volatile because it loses its contents when the power supply to the computer is turned off or interrupted. RAM is also faster and more expensive than other types of memory, such as ROM, PROM, or hard disk, which are non-volatile and can retain data without power. RAM isdivided into two types: static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM), which differ in their speed, power consumption, and design. References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_memory

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zfyyb82/revision/1

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=information-technology-quiz_7

A malicious program that records a user’s keystrokes is an example of a Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a type of malware that masquerades as a legitimate file or application, but secretly performs malicious actions in the background. A Trojan horse can be used to install other malware, such as keyloggers, on the victim’s device. A keylogger is a specific type of Trojan horse that captures and sends the user’skeystrokes to a remote attacker, who can use them to steal sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data.

The other options are not correct because:

Adware is a type of malware that displays unwanted advertisements on the user’s device, often redirecting them to malicious websites or installing more malware. Adware does not necessarily record the user’s keystrokes, although some adware may have keylogging capabilities.

An anti-virus program is a software that protects the user’s device from malware, such as viruses, worms, ransomware, spyware, etc. An anti-virus program does not record the user’s keystrokes, but rather scans and removes any malicious programs that may do so.

A performance monitor is a software that measures and displays the performance of the user’s device, such as CPU usage, memory usage, disk space, network traffic, etc. A performance monitor does not record the user’s keystrokes, but rather provides useful information for troubleshooting or optimizing the device.

References:

CITM Study Guide, Chapter 7: IT Security Management, pp. 131-132

What Is a keylogger and how to detect keystroke logging - Norton

Keylogger: how to recover the infected pc? - Panda Security

The spiral model is a software development lifecycle model that extends the waterfall approach by recognizing the different cycles of planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for iterative and incremental development, where each cycle produces a prototype or a deliverable that can be evaluated by the customer and the project team. The spiral model also incorporates risk management throughoutthe project, as each cycle involves identifying and resolving potential risks before proceeding to the next cycle. The spiral model is suitable for large, complex, and uncertain projects that require frequent feedback and adaptation. References:

Spiral Model vs. Waterfall Model: Definitions and Differences

Waterfall Methodology: The Ultimate Guide to the Waterfall Model

Organizations are linked extensively to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving their goals. By reducing cycle times, organizations can deliver their products or services faster and more responsively to their customers. By improving accuracy, organizations can reduce errors, waste, and rework, and enhance their quality and reliability. These outcomes can also increase the capability of the organization to meet the changing needs and expectations of the market and the stakeholders. References: Sample Exam - GAQM, page 1, question 1; The Future of Flexibility at Work, paragraph 4.

Middle managers can establish review committees to foster greater control over the performance and quality of their subordinates and processes. Review committees are groups of managers or experts who evaluate the work of others and provide feedback, guidance, or approval. Review committees can help middle managers ensure that their teams are aligned with the organizational goals, standards, and policies, and that they are delivering high-quality outputs and outcomes. Review committees can also help middle managers identify and resolve issues, risks, or conflicts that may arise in their areas of responsibility. Review committees can enhance the accountability, transparency, and learning of middle managers and their subordinates. References: EPI-USA, CITM Course Outline, Module 4: Managing Performance and Quality, Slide 14. [GAQM], CITM Exam Objectives, Domain 4: Performance and Quality Management, Objective 4.2: Implement performance and quality management processes and tools.

Conversion is the process of changing the existing system to the new system. It involves transferring data, installing hardware and software, training users, and decommissioning the old system. Conversion is the ninth step in the Systems Design Life Cycle, according to the CITM study guide1 References: 1 CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: System Development Life Cycle, page 4-14.

Processed or meaningful data can be defined as information, which is data that has been organized, processed, or structured in a meaningful way according to the given requirement. Information is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and purpose. Information is also the output of data processing, which is the collection and transformation of raw data into useful information. Information can be used for decision-making, analysis, or communication purposes. References: 

https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/data-analytics/what-is-data-processing/

https://www.lisedunetwork.com/definition-and-types-of-information/

Global information systems are information systems that span multiple countries, cultures, and organizations. They enable the sharing of data, knowledge, and resources across borders and regions. However, limited access to high speed internet may impede the development of global information systems, as it affects the quality, speed, reliability, and security of communication and collaboration. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in 2020, only 51.4% of the world’s population had access to the internet, and only 19.1% had fixed broadband subscriptions1. This means that many people and regions are still digitally excluded or underserved, especially in developing countries and rural areas. This digital divide may create challenges and barriers for the design, implementation, and management of global information systems, such as:

Lack of infrastructure and resources: Developing and maintaining global information systems requires adequate and stable infrastructure and resources, such as servers, routers, cables, satellites, power supply, bandwidth, etc. However, many regions lack the necessary infrastructure and resources to support high speed internet access, or face high costs and risks of disruption or damage2. This may limit the availability, performance, and scalability of global information systems, and increase the complexity and cost of their development and maintenance.

Lack of interoperability and standardization: Global information systems need to ensure interoperability and standardization among different systems, platforms, protocols, formats, and languages. However, limited access to high speed internet may hinder the adoption and integration of common standards and technologies, such as cloud computing, web services, APIs, etc. This may result in compatibility issues, data inconsistency, and inefficiency of global information systems, and require more effort and coordination to achieve interoperability and standardization3.

Lack of user participation and satisfaction: Global information systems need to consider the needs, preferences, and expectations of diverse and distributed users and stakeholders. However, limited access to high speed internet may affect the userparticipation and satisfaction of global information systems, as it may reduce the usability, accessibility, and functionality of the systems, and cause delays, errors, or failures of communication and collaboration. This may lead to user frustration, dissatisfaction, and resistance, and lower the adoption and acceptance of global information systems.

References: Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2020, Challenges and Opportunities of Global Information Systems Development: A Comparative Analysis, Global Information Systems: Challenges and Opportunities, [The Impact of Internet Speed on Online User Behaviour and Satisfaction]

A DBMS is software that monitors and maintains accurate, quality data in a data structure. It helps organizations optimize, store, retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database and accept requests for data from an application or user. A DBMS can also provide security, redundancy, abstraction, and multiple views of the data. A DBMS that stores data in tables and uses relationships between them is called a relational DBMS or RDBMS. Some examples of popular DBMS software are PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, SQLite, IBM Db2, etc. References: What is DBMS? Database Management Systems, Explained, What Is a DBMS? - LearnSQL.com, Database management system (DBMS) | Definition & Facts.